While shock that is dependent on schedule-induced licking suppresses licking (Bond et al., 1974 Dunham, 1971), licking also is reduced by independent shock that is separated in time from licking by a minimum of 5 sec (Hymowitz and Freed, 1974). Might not the frequent and close association between independent shock delivery and licking account for the reduction of schedule-induced water intake? The available data do not adequately answer this question. Falk, 1961), independent shock is probably often delivered in close temporal association to licking. The session engaged in postpellet licking (cf. Reprints may be obtained from the author, Department of Psychiatry, New Jersey Medical School, 100 Bergen Street, Newark, New Jersey 07103. Brezenoff of the Department of Pharmacology for making available facilities for the conduct of these studies. Since animals typically spend most of 'This research was supported by a New Jersey Medical School General Research Support Grant to the author. While lever-press-dependent shock can hardly occur while the animal is licking, independent shock may be delivered at any time during a session. It is important to note that the two modes of shock delivery differ in their temporal relationship to induced licking. Comparable shock that is delivered independently of lever pressing can reduce inducedwater intake while having relatively little effect on lever pressing (Bond et al., 1973 Hymowitz and Freed, 1974). In either case, foodmaintained lever pressing may be suppressed by the shock. Shock that is dependent on lever pressing either has little, if any, effect on water intake (Bond, Blackman, and Scruton, 1973 Hymowitz and Freed, 1974) or increases it (Dunham, 1971 Hymowitz, 1973). The effects of electric-shock delivery on schedule-induced water intake depend on the contingency between shock and other behavior.
Key words: polydipsia, electric shock, body weight, rats Schedule-induced water intake was affected more by shock when the animal was maintained at 90% of free-feeding weight than at 70%. In each study, the resistance of water intake to suppression by shock delivery increased as the degree of body-weight loss increased. The minimum separation between shock and licking was 10 sec. In Experiment IV, shock was delivered under variable-time 180-sec. In Experiment III, shock was delivered under variable-time 60-sec with a minimum separation between shock and licking of 5 sec. Experiments III and IV studied the effects of body-weight loss on water intake during independent shock delivery. Similar shock intensities led to similar reduction of water intake at each delay of shock interval. Over a wide range of shock intensities, the data failed to reveal a consistent delay-ofshock effect. A lick-dependent delay was imposed so that licking and shock delivery were systematically separated in time by a minimum of 1 to 15 sec. Shock was delivered unider a variable-time 60-sec schedule. Experiments I and II studied the temporal relationship between response-independent electric-shock delivery and licking.
In each of four experiments, schedule-induced water intake in the rat was studied under fixed-time 40-sec food delivery. See Robinson (1962 ) for a development of the concept of minimum delay for continuous-time systems.JOURNAL OF THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIORĮFFECTS OF ELECTRIC-SHOCK DELIVERY ON SCHEDULE-INDUCED WATER INTAKE: DELAY OF SHOCK, SHOCK INTENSITY, AND BODY-WEIGHT LOSS NORMAN HYMOWITZ1 NEW JERSEY MEDICAL SCHOOL
By contrast, systems operating in continuous time have variables that are functions of continuous time - that is, the values of their variables are given at all instants of time. The concept of minimum delay is developed here for systems operating in discrete time - that is, systems in which the variables appear as a sequence of numbers at discrete, equally spaced time instants. A maximum-delay wavelet is the reverse of a finite-length minimum-delay wavelet. A minimum-delay wavelet has its energy concentrated near its arrival time, as opposed to a mixed-delay wavelet, which has its energy distributed away from its arrival time. The concept of maximum delay applies only to finite-length causal wavelets. What is minimum delay, mixed delay, and maximum delay? The concepts of minimum delay and mixed delay apply only to causal wavelets. We also see that the reverse of the reverse of a wavelet is the given wavelet. What is a midpoint reverse of a causal finite-length wavelet? The time indices of the causal finite-length waveletī = ( b 0, b 1, b 2, …, b N ). Digital Imaging and Deconvolution: The ABCs of Seismic Exploration and Processing
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